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# Poland Bought a Gateway, Not Just Satellites - Deep Dive
- URL: https://www.satelliteinsights.com/poland-bought-a-gateway-not-just-satellites-deep-dive/
- Published: 2026-07-28T08:00:07.000Z
- Updated: 2026-09-09T12:40:00.000Z
- Description: Poland is the first EU member state to fund a national module inside IRIS². The Warsaw gateway, not the twelve satellites, is what buys sovereignty.
- Author: Glenn Canales
- Tags: Sovereignty, Satellite Operators, Ground Segment, Analysis, #Deep Dive

In this edition

1. [Poland buys a gateway](#c1)
2. [Starship Flight 13 and Version 3](#c2)
3. [Upper C-Band and the IP migration](#c3)
4. [AST's raise meets the carriers](#c4)
5. [Amazon Leo's licence workaround](#c5)
6. [Iridium reports under a gag](#c6)
7. [Eutelsat files for 528](#c7)
8. [A terminal that holds two orbits](#c8)
9. [What to watch](#c9)

**Poland and IRIS2** [Via Satellite](https://www.satellitetoday.com/government-military/2026/07/21/poland-commits-nearly-750m-to-europes-iris%C2%B2-constellation/?ref=satelliteinsights.com), [European Spaceflight](https://europeanspaceflight.com/poland-boosts-its-contribution-to-europes-iris2-constellation-to-e656m?ref=satelliteinsights.com), [SpaceNews](https://spacenews.com/poland-commits-745-million-to-eus-iris%c2%b2-constellation-project/?ref=satelliteinsights.com), [ESA](https://www.esa.int/About%5FUs/Corporate%5Fnews/ESA%5Fto%5Fsupport%5Fthe%5Fdevelopment%5Fof%5FEU%5Fs%5Fsecure%5Fcommunication%5Fsatellites%5Fsystem?ref=satelliteinsights.com)

**Starship Flight 13** [Spaceflight Now](https://spaceflightnow.com/2026/07/25/super-heavy-starship-rocket-chalks-up-mostly-successful-test-flight/?ref=satelliteinsights.com), [CBS News](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/spacex-giant-super-heavy-starship-rocket-test-flight/?ref=satelliteinsights.com), [CNN](https://www.cnn.com/2026/07/24/science/live-news/spacex-starship-flight-13-launch?ref=satelliteinsights.com)

**Upper C-Band and LTN** [SatNews](https://satnews.com/2026/07/23/ltn-crosses-3000-satellite-to-ip-migrations/?ref=satelliteinsights.com), [NewscastStudio](https://www.newscaststudio.com/2026/06/30/fcc-sets-july-22-vote-on-upper-c-band-auction-giving-broadcasters-a-firm-timeline/?ref=satelliteinsights.com)

**AST SpaceMobile and carriers** [Via Satellite](https://www.satellitetoday.com/connectivity/2026/07/24/telco-ceos-shut-down-the-idea-of-satellite-mvno-say-leo-isnt-a-threat-to-broadband/?ref=satelliteinsights.com), [TelcoTitans](https://www.telcotitans.com/deutsche-telekomwatch/the-answer-is-no-t-mobile-dismisses-persistent-satco-mvno-talk/10530.article?ref=satelliteinsights.com), [Fierce Network](https://www.fierce-network.com/wireless/att-ceo-touts-satellite-jv-keeps-ast-play?ref=satelliteinsights.com)

**Amazon Leo and Herotel** [CNBC Africa](https://www.cnbcafrica.com/2026/amazon-leo-to-bring-satellite-internet-to-south-africa/?ref=satelliteinsights.com), [TechCentral](https://techcentral.co.za/amazon-leo-set-for-south-african-launch/283728/?ref=satelliteinsights.com)

**Iridium** [Iridium results](https://finance.yahoo.com/news/iridium-announces-second-quarter-2026-110100584.html?ref=satelliteinsights.com), [SEC Form 10-Q](https://www.stocktitan.net/sec-filings/IRDM/10-q-iridium-communications-inc-quarterly-earnings-report-51037e335b22.html?ref=satelliteinsights.com)

**Eutelsat and ALL.SPACE** [Payload Space](https://payloadspace.com/?ref=satelliteinsights.com), [Satcom.Digital](https://www.satcom.digital/news/allspace-hydra-max-gen-2-terminal-achieves-certification-on-ses-o3b-mpower?ref=satelliteinsights.com)

**SES calendar** [SES investor relations](https://www.ses.com/investors/financial-results/financial-calendar?ref=satelliteinsights.com)

Deep Dive · 28 July 2026

# Poland Bought a Gateway, Not Just Satellites

Twelve satellites and one ground station wired into the state fiber network. Only one of those is hard to replace, and it is not the satellites.

Glenn Canales · Satellite Insights Weekly

€656,326,691

Poland's signed contribution to IRIS2, fixed in the European Commission proposal published 20 May

12

Satellites in the Polish module: six in medium Earth orbit, six in low Earth orbit

1

Gateway station in Warsaw, connecting to the GovNet government fiber network

2029

Planned start of initial IRIS2 services

Most significant event of the week

## Poland buys a gateway, and almost nobody noticed

Poland signed an agreement with the European Commission on 21 July committing €656,326,691 to Infrastructure for Resilience, Interconnectivity and Security by Satellite (IRIS2), the European Union's secure connectivity constellation. The money buys twelve satellites operating as a Polish module inside the wider constellation, and one gateway station in Warsaw wired into GovNet, the Polish government's secure fiber-optic network. The gateway is the part that buys sovereignty.

### What did Poland actually buy?

Six satellites in medium Earth orbit (MEO) and six in low Earth orbit (LEO), funded from Poland's National Recovery and Resilience Plan, the country's share of the European Union post-pandemic recovery money. The agreement was signed in Warsaw by European Union Defense and Space Commissioner Andrius Kubilius and Polish Interior Minister Marcin Kierwiński. Poland also signed separate memoranda of understanding with SES and Eutelsat, two of the three operators leading the SpaceRISE consortium. Neither government nor consortium has said what those memoranda cover.

The satellite count is the part every outlet led with. It is also the part that matters least. Twelve spacecraft inside a constellation of roughly 282 is a [contribution, not a capability](https://www.satelliteinsights.com/russias-rassvet-constellation-what-16-satellites-actually-gets-you/). Poland does not gain independent access to space by paying for twelve satellites that fly in someone else's shell, on someone else's schedule, under a twelve-year concession running to 2036.

What Poland gains is a gateway on Polish soil. The European Commission's own account of the deal says the gateway station will let the country manage dedicated satellite capacities autonomously. That sentence is doing an enormous amount of work.

### Why does the gateway matter more than the satellites?

Sovereign connectivity gets written as a satellite-count story because satellites photograph well and orbital shells fit in a headline. The buyers know better. Traffic does not become sovereign in orbit. It becomes sovereign at the point where it lands, where it is routed, where it is keyed, and where somebody can be compelled by law to hand over access. That point is the gateway.

A satellite you part-funded is an asset on somebody else's balance sheet. A gateway on your own territory, terminating into your own government fiber, is control.

This is the same logic that has driven every serious [sovereign connectivity program](https://www.satelliteinsights.com/scale-vs-sovereignty-weekly-deep-dive/) of the past three years, and it is why [the ground layer](https://www.satelliteinsights.com/the-independent-and-regional-satellite-ground-segment-layer-a-2026-map/) keeps turning out to be the expensive, contested, politically sensitive part. Poland connecting the gateway into GovNet rather than into a commercial carrier network is the detail that tells you this was designed by people who understood the problem.

### Is €656 million really ten percent of IRIS2?

No, and the number is being reported wrong across the trade press.

The IRIS2 program carries a total cost of €10.6 billion: €6.5 billion of public funding, which includes €550 million from the European Space Agency (ESA) Partnership Projects program, and a little over €4 billion from the SpaceRISE consortium. Poland's €656.3 million against the €10.6 billion total is 6.2 percent. Against the €6.5 billion public component it is 10.1 percent.

So the widely repeated line that Poland is funding ten percent of the constellation measures against the public funding slice while describing the whole program. The accurate framing is roughly six percent of the program, or roughly ten percent of the public money. For anyone modeling member state participation rates, that is not a rounding difference.

**Open question, stated as such.** Kubilius described Poland as adding a Polish module to a European constellation. If the twelve satellites are incremental to the roughly 282-satellite baseline rather than carved from it, then Poland's money expands the program rather than filling a share of it, and the ten percent figure is wrong in a second and more interesting way. The original SpaceRISE announcement did contemplate member state funding inside the €6.5 billion public envelope, so both readings are defensible on the public record. This is not resolved, and it should not be reported as though it is.

### Can other member states copy this?

Mechanically, yes, and that is the part worth watching. The European Commission proposal published 20 May shows Poland freed the money by making reductions elsewhere in its recovery plan. This is repurposed post-pandemic recovery money, not a defense line and not a space line. Poland is the first member state to fund a national module inside IRIS2 this way, and the mechanism is available to every other member state holding unspent recovery allocations.

Two caveats that the celebratory coverage skipped. Recovery funds carry expiry rules, which puts a clock on any state trying to follow. And recovery money answers to a different domestic constituency than a defense budget does, which makes the political durability of this route untested. Whether it survives a change of government in Warsaw is a separate question again.

The scaling is worth a second look. Poland is not in the eurozone, so the same commitment appears in złoty at home and in euros in Brussels. The September 2025 pledge was 2 billion złoty, roughly €470 million at the time, covering six MEO satellites and the ground facility. The July agreement raises that to 2.8 billion złoty and twelve satellites. The money grew by about forty percent while the space segment doubled, because the six added spacecraft are the LEO half of the module, and a small LEO satellite costs a fraction of a MEO satellite. Poland is buying twice the space segment for roughly 1.4 times the money.

In this edition

1. [Poland buys a gateway](#c1)
2. [Starship Flight 13 and Version 3](#c2)
3. [Upper C-Band and the IP migration](#c3)
4. [AST's raise meets the carriers](#c4)
5. [Amazon Leo's licence workaround](#c5)
6. [Iridium reports under a gag](#c6)
7. [Eutelsat files for 528](#c7)
8. [A terminal that holds two orbits](#c8)
9. [What to watch](#c9)

**Poland and IRIS2** [Via Satellite](https://www.satellitetoday.com/government-military/2026/07/21/poland-commits-nearly-750m-to-europes-iris%C2%B2-constellation/?ref=satelliteinsights.com), [European Spaceflight](https://europeanspaceflight.com/poland-boosts-its-contribution-to-europes-iris2-constellation-to-e656m?ref=satelliteinsights.com), [SpaceNews](https://spacenews.com/poland-commits-745-million-to-eus-iris%c2%b2-constellation-project/?ref=satelliteinsights.com), [ESA](https://www.esa.int/About%5FUs/Corporate%5Fnews/ESA%5Fto%5Fsupport%5Fthe%5Fdevelopment%5Fof%5FEU%5Fs%5Fsecure%5Fcommunication%5Fsatellites%5Fsystem?ref=satelliteinsights.com)

**Starship Flight 13** [Spaceflight Now](https://spaceflightnow.com/2026/07/25/super-heavy-starship-rocket-chalks-up-mostly-successful-test-flight/?ref=satelliteinsights.com), [CBS News](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/spacex-giant-super-heavy-starship-rocket-test-flight/?ref=satelliteinsights.com), [CNN](https://www.cnn.com/2026/07/24/science/live-news/spacex-starship-flight-13-launch?ref=satelliteinsights.com)

**Upper C-Band and LTN** [SatNews](https://satnews.com/2026/07/23/ltn-crosses-3000-satellite-to-ip-migrations/?ref=satelliteinsights.com), [NewscastStudio](https://www.newscaststudio.com/2026/06/30/fcc-sets-july-22-vote-on-upper-c-band-auction-giving-broadcasters-a-firm-timeline/?ref=satelliteinsights.com)

**AST SpaceMobile and carriers** [Via Satellite](https://www.satellitetoday.com/connectivity/2026/07/24/telco-ceos-shut-down-the-idea-of-satellite-mvno-say-leo-isnt-a-threat-to-broadband/?ref=satelliteinsights.com), [TelcoTitans](https://www.telcotitans.com/deutsche-telekomwatch/the-answer-is-no-t-mobile-dismisses-persistent-satco-mvno-talk/10530.article?ref=satelliteinsights.com), [Fierce Network](https://www.fierce-network.com/wireless/att-ceo-touts-satellite-jv-keeps-ast-play?ref=satelliteinsights.com)

**Amazon Leo and Herotel** [CNBC Africa](https://www.cnbcafrica.com/2026/amazon-leo-to-bring-satellite-internet-to-south-africa/?ref=satelliteinsights.com), [TechCentral](https://techcentral.co.za/amazon-leo-set-for-south-african-launch/283728/?ref=satelliteinsights.com)

**Iridium** [Iridium results](https://finance.yahoo.com/news/iridium-announces-second-quarter-2026-110100584.html?ref=satelliteinsights.com), [SEC Form 10-Q](https://www.stocktitan.net/sec-filings/IRDM/10-q-iridium-communications-inc-quarterly-earnings-report-51037e335b22.html?ref=satelliteinsights.com)

**Eutelsat and ALL.SPACE** [Payload Space](https://payloadspace.com/?ref=satelliteinsights.com), [Satcom.Digital](https://www.satcom.digital/news/allspace-hydra-max-gen-2-terminal-achieves-certification-on-ses-o3b-mpower?ref=satelliteinsights.com)

**SES calendar** [SES investor relations](https://www.ses.com/investors/financial-results/financial-calendar?ref=satelliteinsights.com)

Launch capacity

## Starship Flight 13 flew Version 3, and none of it entered service

SpaceX launched Starship Flight 13 from Starbase, Texas on 24 July, deploying twenty Starlink Version 3 (V3) satellites on a suborbital trajectory. It was the first time Starship carried operational V3 hardware. It was also the first Starship flight since SpaceX became a publicly traded company.

SpaceX established contact and laser communications with all twenty units, then let them reenter roughly twenty minutes after deployment. This was a dispenser test and a vehicle test, not a capacity delivery.

### What is designed, and what was demonstrated?

V3 is specified at one terabit per second of downlink capacity and 160 gigabits per second of uplink per satellite, roughly ten times V2 throughput, at about 2,000 kilograms per spacecraft. Every one of those numbers is a design figure. None of them was demonstrated on this flight, and none of them could have been, on a suborbital arc ending in deliberate reentry.

What was demonstrated: the payload dispenser works with V3 hardware. A single Raptor engine relit in space for fourteen seconds, the longest in-space Raptor firing to date, which is the capability orbital insertion and controlled deorbit both depend on. The upper stage executed what SpaceX called its softest splashdown yet in the Indian Ocean and remained intact. Six of the twenty satellites carried cameras to inspect the vehicle's heat shield.

The booster made an on-target but hard splashdown offshore in the Gulf of Mexico. Only ten of thirteen engines restarted for the landing burn and roughly five appeared to be firing at the moment of impact, so it hit at higher velocity than intended. No catch was attempted and none was planned: SpaceX chose Gulf splashdowns for early V3 booster flights deliberately. Set against Flight 12 in May, when the booster lost engines and fell into the Gulf without touching down under power, this is progress rather than failure. Elon Musk has said Flight 14 will attempt to catch the upper stage with the tower unless the data review turns up problems.

The question for anyone buying capacity is not whether Starship can eject satellites. It is when V3 capacity reaches gateways and cells. Flight 13 did not answer that.

The structural argument, that launch capacity rather than capital or spectrum is now the binding constraint on every constellation, is set out separately in [Every Constellation Is Now a Starship Derivative](https://www.satelliteinsights.com/every-constellation-is-now-a-starship-derivative/), published today.

Ground segment and policy

## The Upper C-Band vote and the quiet exit from satellite distribution

The United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) voted on 22 July to approve rules for the auction of Upper C-Band spectrum. On the same day, media transport company LTN Global said it had passed 3,000 completed satellite-to-Internet Protocol (IP) migrations across broadcaster, multichannel video programming distributor (MVPD), head-end and content-owner sites, up from close to 2,000 reported in November 2025.

The timing was not a coincidence and the pairing is the story. Spectrum policy is forcing United States media distribution off C-band satellite, and a measurable share of it is landing in managed IP rather than in another satellite product. Roughly a thousand sites migrated in about eight months.

### What is demonstrated here, and what is marketing?

The 3,000 migrations are completed deployments, and LTN names customers including MASN, MSG Networks, PBS, Scripps, TelevisaUnivision and Tennis Channel. That is evidence. The accompanying claims of 99.9999 percent reliability under service-level agreement, sub-200-millisecond global latency and 40 to 60 percent cost savings against satellite distribution are advertised figures from the vendor, not independently measured, and should be read that way.

For geostationary (GEO) operators carrying video distribution revenue, this is the slow leak that does not generate headlines. Occasional-use and full-time video contracts do not churn dramatically. They fail to renew.

Direct-to-device

## AST raised $1.15 billion in the same week three carriers said no

AST SpaceMobile settled a $1.15 billion convertible note offering on 22 July: a $1.0 billion base tranche plus a $150 million option exercised in full, structured as 1.625 percent senior unsecured convertible notes due 2034, with an initial conversion price near $79.57 and a capped call at $149.20\. The company reported pro-forma cash above $3.8 billion as of 30 June and stated effective dilution below two percent. On 22 July, AT&T chief executive John Stankey said the AST partnership would come to fruition during 2027.

In the same stretch of earnings calls, the chief executives of all three major United States carriers dismissed satellite direct-to-device (D2D) as a broadband threat and ruled out a satellite mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) arrangement. Verizon's Dan Schulman said there is no backdoor to their MVNOs in any structure. Stankey said satellite addresses roughly two percent of traffic he cannot otherwise reach, and that he is not looking for a wholesale agreement to solve a problem he does not have. T-Mobile's Srini Gopalan gave a flat no, and chief financial officer Peter Osvaldik put it more bluntly still.

One market is pricing satellite as a challenger to terrestrial mobile. The people who would have to buy it are pricing it as a gap-filler. Both cannot be right.

The carriers are describing physics, not strategy, and the arithmetic supports them. Analysys Mason has modeled maximum Starlink downlink capacity per beam at about 18.3 megabits per second using five megahertz of spectrum under optimal conditions, shared among every user inside a beam footprint roughly fifty kilometers across. AST's advertised figure of up to 120 megabits per second is a design number for a system not yet in commercial service. Neither figure has been demonstrated in service at scale.

None of this makes D2D worthless. It makes it a messaging and coverage-of-last-resort product with real value and a real addressable market, which is roughly what the carriers said. The three-carrier D2D joint venture announced in May 2026 is expected to face United States Department of Justice review, which is the development actually worth tracking.

Market entry

## Amazon Leo did not solve South Africa's ownership rule. It routed around it.

Amazon Leo named South Africa as its first African market, partnering with Herotel, the country's largest fixed internet service provider, for a consumer service branded Evry with commercial launch in 2027\. Amazon Leo reports more than 390 satellites in orbit across fourteen launches and more than $10 billion invested, with initial service at certain latitudes later in 2026\. Evry advertises download speeds up to 300 megabits per second, a figure attached to a service that does not launch for another year.

The structural point is regulatory, not technical. South Africa requires that thirty percent of a licence holder be owned by historically disadvantaged South Africans, a requirement that has kept Starlink out of the market. Herotel holds the licence. Amazon supplies the space segment and the customer terminals. The ownership requirement attaches to the licensee, and Amazon is not the licensee.

This is a replicable template, and that is why it matters more than the Amazon-versus-Starlink framing it received. Any market with local ownership requirements on licence holders and a capable incumbent internet service provider is now addressable by the same structure. The constraint operators have treated as a barrier to entry turns out to be a partner selection problem.

Operator results

## Iridium reported, and was not allowed to say much

Iridium posted second-quarter revenue of $225.2 million, up four percent year-over-year, with service revenue of $161.3 million and total billable subscribers of 2,627,000, up six percent. Net income fell to $9.7 million from $22.0 million on higher transaction and compensation costs. Operational EBITDA was $119.1 million against $121.3 million a year earlier. Net leverage stood at 3.3 times. Commercial Internet of Things (IoT) data subscribers grew nine percent, which remains the healthiest line in the business.

There was no earnings call and no guidance, because of the pending Rocket Lab acquisition agreed on 28 June at roughly $8 billion, structured as $27.00 in cash per share plus Rocket Lab stock on a variable exchange ratio, expected to close in mid-2027\. Iridium also completed its acquisition of the remaining stake in Aireon on 2 July for about $366.7 million.

Worth noting for anyone tracking the consolidation wave: a pending deal removes an operator from the public conversation for roughly a year before it removes them from the market. Iridium will report numbers four more times without explaining them.

Filings

## Eutelsat filed for 528 satellites and will not say it is building them

Eutelsat filed with the FCC for a constellation branded Eutelsat Next: 528 satellites plus in-orbit spares across 24 orbital planes at 1,220 kilometers, with Ku-band user links, Ka-band gateway links, up to 140 Ku-band user beams per satellite, on-board processing and roughly fifty gateways worldwide. The filing went in through WorldVu Satellites Ltd in the FCC's Ku/Ka-band processing round.

Eutelsat has declined to confirm it will build all 528\. That reticence is the most informative thing about the filing. Eutelsat is already funding 440 OneWeb replacement satellites ordered from Airbus Defence and Space, sits inside the SpaceRISE consortium delivering IRIS2, and is not obviously in a position to finance a third program of this scale.

Read it as a spectrum and orbital rights placeholder until there is evidence otherwise. Filing costs very little. Building costs everything. The industry has spent a decade learning to tell those apart and still reports them as though they were the same act.

Terminals

## A terminal that holds two orbits at once, certified

ALL.SPACE's Hydra MAX second-generation terminal received certification on SES O3b mPOWER, providing simultaneous full-duplex connectivity across geostationary and medium Earth orbits from a single electronically steered aperture. First-generation certification came in March 2026.

The certification is a demonstrated result against SES's own acceptance standard. The published specifications, including tracking rates above 400 hertz and 500 megahertz of bandwidth, are design figures. The immediate customer base is government and defense, which sits outside this publication's primary scope, but the underlying trend does not: multi-orbit terminals that genuinely hold two links at once, rather than switching between them, are the thing that makes multi-orbit service claims real for enterprise buyers. Most terminals sold as multi-orbit switch. Switching is not the same product.

What to watch

## SES reports Thursday, two days after Poland signed with them

SES announces half-year results on 30 July. The company closed 2025 with revenue of €2,627 million and gross backlog above €6.6 billion, and reported first-quarter 2026 revenue of €847 million with Networks now representing roughly two thirds of revenue. Capital expenditure guidance for 2026 sits at about €700 million, including IRIS2 and initial meoSphere deployment.

Poland signed memoranda of understanding with SES and Eutelsat on 21 July and neither party has said what they contain. If there is anything to learn about how member state modules translate into operator backlog, Thursday is the first opportunity to hear it.

Separately, Thales chief executive Patrice Caine told investors on 23 July that IRIS2 development is progressing as planned. That is a progress statement and not a contract award, and it should not be read as signalling one is imminent.

Method

## How this edition was verified

Every figure above was pulled from a live source during the pre-publication pass on 27 July 2026\. Nothing is carried forward from a prior edition. Market capitalizations and share prices are deliberately absent: no clean same-day quote was obtainable across the relevant names, and the lead does not require one.

| Claim                                                                 | Status                                                                    |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Poland €656,326,691, twelve satellites, Warsaw gateway into GovNet    | Four independent sources                                                  |
| IRIS2 total €10.6bn, public €6.5bn                                    | ESA and consortium primary sources                                        |
| Flight 13 booster: ten of thirteen engines, hard on-target splashdown | Three independent sources; early wire copy conflicts and was superseded   |
| Starlink V3 one terabit per second downlink                           | Designed specification, not demonstrated                                  |
| AST 120 megabits per second                                           | Advertised, not demonstrated in service                                   |
| Amazon Leo Evry 300 megabits per second                               | Advertised, service does not launch until 2027                            |
| LTN reliability, latency and cost-saving figures                      | Vendor claims; the 3,000 migrations are demonstrated                      |
| IRIS2 satellite count                                                 | 282 per Thales Alenia Space, over 290 per Commission language; unresolved |

Where a claim rests on a single source it is labeled in the text. Where a source blurs a designed figure with a demonstrated one, the distinction is restored.

## Independent weekly intelligence on the satellite communications sector

No hype. A point of view. Deep Dive editions land every Tuesday, covering LEO broadband, GEO economics, ground segment, direct-to-device and sovereign connectivity.

[Subscribe](https://www.satelliteinsights.com/#/portal/signup) 

**Glenn Canales** is Principal of Satellite Insights LLC. He has spent more than forty years in commercial and enterprise satellite communications, including as Senior Director of Enterprise Broadband Services at Viasat from 2016 to 2024, and earlier roles at iDirect Technologies, PanAmSat/Intelsat and Spacenet. He began his career as a communications supervisor in the United States Air Force. He splits his time between the United States and Spain.

Satellite Insights Weekly is independent and reader-supported. Analysis is drawn from publicly available information.

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